The Beginnings of Industrialization

The Beginnings of Industrialization

Chapter 9.1

The Industrial Revolution • Definition: • The greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the 1700s.

The Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain • The Agricultural Revolution paves the way • Wealthy landowners bought up the land (could produce more) • They created Enclosures: the larger fields divided by fences or hedges which had 2 important results: 1. 2.

Tried new agricultural methods Large landowners forced smaller ones to become tenant farmers or move into the cities for work = LARGER CITIES

Jethro Tull • Created a “seed drill” allowing well spaced rows (more output)

Rotating Crops • Increased population = increased need for food • Crop improvements: • Crop Rotation: planting various different crops each year to reintroduce nutrients to the soil

• Livestock improvements: • Only the best sheep were allowed to breed • (avg weight = went from 18 to 50 lbs!)

Why The Industrial Revolution Began in England • Extensive Natural Resources • • • •

Water power & coal for power Iron ore to construct tools, machines & buildings Rivers for transportation Harbors to trade goods

• Advanced banking system • Bank loans encouraged people to buy/invest

• Britain had the all the Factors of Production: the resources needed to produce goods & services that the Industrial Revolution required (Land, Labor, Capital)

Inventions Spur Industrialization • Textile Industry (Cloth Industry) • • • •

The Flying Shuttle – Doubled output p/day Spinning Jenny – 1 spinner = 8 threads at one time Water Frame – used water power from local streams Spinning mule – made stronger, finer & more consistent thread

• These large machines needed large buildings called Factories – the first factories were built on or near water sources.

America’s Cotton in Britain • England’s cotton came from the United States’ southern plantations • Eli Whitney – invented the Cotton Gin – • Separated the cotton fibers from the seeds

• 1790 = 1.5 million pounds of cotton • 1810 = 85 million pounds of cotton!

Improvements in Transportation • James Watt’s Steam Engine

Water Transportation • Robert Fulton – built the Clermont – World’s first steam powered boat • Ferried people up and down the Hudson River in NY • Creation of canals led to faster/more efficient trade

Road Transportation • Roads improved • Turnpikes = Toll Roads

Railway Age Begins • Steam Driven Locomotives: • First use of trains for transportation of people & goods

• Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain 1. 2. 3. 4.

Cheap way of transporting materials/products Created jobs Boosted agriculture & fishing industries Encouraged country folk into taking city jobs