The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution The Revolution that changed the world forever

By zach & mohammad 

• The industrial revolution were in… Europe America

Mine & Forge [1840-1880] o “Coal is more powerful than water. o “Iron is more powerful than wood. o ‘’Innovations that make steel feasible.

Young Coal Miners As the number of factories grew people from the countryside began to move into the towns looking for better paid work.

Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

Richard Arkwright:

spinning frame Also called water frame. It was the first powered, automatic, and continuous textile machine

The “Water Frame”

Factory Production o

Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor].

o

Located near sources of power

o

Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.

o

Was only 10% of English industry in 1850.

Cotton textile by Richard Arkwright • the first big industry was cotton textile factories.

Textile Factory Workers in England 1813

2400 looms

150, 000 workers

1833

85, 000 looms

200, 000 workers

1850

224, 000 looms

>1 million workers

Textile Factory Workers in England •The textile industry significantly grew during the Industrial Revolution.

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

The Factory System

 Hard schedule.  12-14 hour day.  Dangerous conditions.  Mind-numbing monotony.

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle” In May 1733, Kay invented his "New Engine of Machine for Opening and Dressing Wool". This machine included the Flying Shuttle. Before the invention of the Flying Shuttle, weavers had to pass the shuttle through the warp threads by hand.

Steam Locomotive

Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851

Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

Problems of Population

The population of England doubled between 1680 and 1820. The population increase provided the large supply of cheap labor needed by the factories. It also provided an increase in demand for manufactured goods.

The Luddites: 1811-1816

The Luddites were people in the 19th-century English textile artisans who violently protested against the machinery introduced during the Industrial Revolution that made it possible to replace them with less-skilled, low-wage labourers, leaving them without work

The “Peoples’ Charter” • Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett. • Radical campaign for Parliamentary

reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832. • • • • • •

Votes for all men. Equal electoral districts. Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners. Payment for Members of Parliament. Annual general elections. The secret ballot.

Thomas Malthus  Population growth will

outpace the food supply.  War, disease, or famine

could control population.  The poor should have

less children.  Food supply will then keep

up with population.

David Ricardo  “Iron Law of Wages.”  When wages are high,

workers have more children.  More children create a

large labor surplus that depresses wages.

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists

 People as a society would operate and own the

means of production, not individuals.  Their goal was a society that benefited

everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.  Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

Government Response 

Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].

 Sadler Commission to look into

working conditions Factory Act [1833] – child labor.

New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. Poor houses.

 Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities.

1850: Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent      

Northeast France. Belgium. The Netherlands. Western German states. Northern Italy East Germany  Saxony

Industrial revolution By 1850

To America Francis Cabot Lowell was a business man from Newburyport, Massachusetts who brought the revolution to America. While on a trip to England in 1810, Francis Cabot Lowell was allowed to tour the British textile factories. He memorized the blueprint of the textile machines

• Industrial – Having to do with industry, business or manufacturing • Revolution – a huge change or a change in the way things are done • Industrial Revolution – a change from making things by hand to making them in factories.

Transportation • Before the Industrial Revolution, people relied on the horse and their own feet to get around. • With the invention of the steam locomotive, transportation took a huge step forward. • The first two major railroad companies were the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads.

Passenger carriers

Leland Stanford • Leland Stanford was a business tycoon, (a wealthy, powerful person in business or industry) co-founder of the Central Pacific Railroad, creator of Stanford University, and the governor of California.

James Hargreaves • With the invention of the spinning jenny and the power loom by James Hargreaves, the textile industry took off. • Clothes could now be made far faster than ever before.

Spinning wheel • The spinning wheel was the first invention, but it was very slow. • Threads were spun one at a time, by hand.

The spinning jenny • The spinning jenny could spin up to eight thread at time. The spinning jenny was much faster than the spinning wheel.

The Spinning Mule • The spinning mule used water power to spin the thread, which was much faster than doing it by hand. • More cloth could now be made.

The Power Mule

The power loom • The power loom used water power to weave cloth • People could make a lot of cloth quickly.

A cotton factory

Agriculture • Advances in agriculture were also made. • The invention of the seed drill allowed farmers to plant many more seeds much more quickly. • The reaper allowed farmers to harvest their crops more efficiently. • More crops could now be grown feeding an increasing population.

The seed drill

The reaper • The reaper was used to cut down the harvest. As you can see, it would take a long time to do it by hand.

The mechanical reaper The mechanical reaper was a lot faster than doing the hand reaper

Steel • With the invention of steel, buildings could be made much taller. • Steel was much harder than iron, which would bend if made too tall. • The steel industry created many new products, and led to the invention of the car.

Smoke stacks of a factory

A melting plant

Andrew Carnegie • Andrew Carnegie became a millionaire in the steel business by putting all his competitors out of business. • He created U.S. Steel in Pittsburg.

Henry Ford • Henry Ford invented the first practical car, the Model T. • The car had been invented earlier, but Ford was the first to make the car affordable.

Samuel Gompers • With all the new businesses being created, someone needed to take care of the workers. • Gompers created the American Federation of Labor, or organization of other labor unions that had bonded together to protect the rights of workers.

• "Industrial Revolution Inventions Timeline †“1712-1942." The Story of America RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. • "When Did the Industrial Revolution Start in the U.s.a.?" Yahoo! Answers. Yahoo!, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. • The Luddites were 19th-century English textile artisans who violently protested against the machinery introduced during the Industrial Revolution that made it possible to replace them with less-skilled, low-wage labourers, leaving them without work