Understanding personal development and relationships

Understanding personal development and relationships The stages and pattern of human growth and development

Physical development Development of the body, balance and control of movements

Intellectual development Development of thinking, reasoning, knowing and understanding

Emotional development Development of feelings, such as excitement, love, pride, jealousy

Social development Personal care, play, learning to interact in groups and sharing, personal relationships (learning to get on with other people)

Age

Physical development

Intellectual development

Emotional development

Social development

1 month

Holds head erect for a few seconds. Eyes follow a moving light

Interested in sounds

Cries in response to pain, hunger and thirst

May sleep up to 20 hours in a 24 – hour period. Stops crying when picked up and spoken to

3 months

Eyes follow a person moving. Kicks vigorously

Recognises carer’s face. Shows excitement. Listens, smiles, holds rattle.

Enjoys being cuddled and played with. Misses carer and cries for carer to return

Responds happily to carer. Becomes excited at prospect of a feed or bath

6 months

Able to lift head and chest up supported by wrists. Turns to a person who is speaking

Responds to speech. Vocalised. Uses eyes a lot. Holds toys. Explores using hands. Listen to sound.

Can be anxious in presence of strangers. Can show anger and frustration. Shows a clear preference for mother’s company

Puts everything in mouth. Plays with hands and feet. Tries to hold bottle when feeding

9 months

Stands when supported. May crawl. Gazes at self in mirror

Tries to hold drinking cup. Sits without support.

Tries to talk , babbling. May say “Mama” and “Dada”. Shouts for attention. Understands “No”. Still anxious about strangers. Sometimes irritable if routine is altered

Can recognise individuals – mother, father, siblings. Play “Peek – a – boo”. Imitates hand clapping. Puts hands round cup when feeding

12 months

Pulls self up to standing position. Uses pincer grip. Feeds self using fingers. May walk without assistance.

Knows own name. Obeys simple instructions. Says about three words.

Shows affection. Gives kisses and cuddles. Likes to see familiar faces but less worried by strangers

Drinks from a cup without assistance. Holds a spoon but cannot feed self. Plays “Pat – a – cake”. Quickly finds hidden toys.

Age

Physical development

Intellectual Emotional development development

Social development

1-1 ½ years

Walks well, feet apart. Runs carefully. Pushes and pulls large toys. Walks upstairs. Creeps backwards downstairs.

Uses 6-20 recognisable words. Repeats last word of short sentences. Enjoys and tries to join in with nursery rhymes. Picks up named toys. Enjoys looking at simple picture books. Builds a tower of 3-4 bricks. Scribbles and makes dots. Preference for right or left hand shown.

Affectionate, but may still be reserved with strangers. Likes to see familiar faces

Able to hold spoon and to get food into mouth. Holds drinking cup and hands it back when finished. Can take off shoes and socks. Bowel control may have been achieved. Remembers where objects belong

2 years

Runs on whole foot. Squats steadily. Climbs on furniture. Throws a small ball. Sits on a small tricycle and moves vehicle with feet

Uses 50 or more recognisable words; understands many more words; puts two or three words together to form simple sentences. Refers to self by name. Asks names of objects and people. Scribbles in circles. Can build a tower of six or seven cubes. Hand preference is obvious

Can display negative behaviour and resistance. May have temper tantrums if thwarted. Plays contentedly beside other children but not with them. Constantly demands mother’s attention

Asks for food and drink. Spoon feeds without spilling. Puts on shoes

Age

Physical Intellectual Emotional Social development development development development

2-2 ½ years

All locomotive skills now improving. Runs and climbs. Able to jump from a low step with feet together. Kicks a large ball.

May use 200 or more words. Knows full name. Continually asking questions, likes stories and recognises details in picture books. Recognises self in photographs. Builds a tower of seven or more cubes

Usually active and restless. Emotionally still very dependant on adults. Tends not to want to share playthings

Eats skilfully with a spoon and may sometimes use a fork. Active and restless. Often dry through the day

3 years

Sits with feet crossed at ankles. Walks upstairs with one foot on each step.

Able to state full name, sex and sometimes

Becomes less prone to temper tantrums. Affectionate and confiding, showing affection for younger siblings. Begins to understand sharing

Eats with a fork and spoon. May be dry through the night

Age

Physical Intellectual Emotional Social development development development development

4 -10 years

During this period children continue to develop and perfect many physical skills which were acquired at birth: •Running •Walking •Climbing •Riding a tricycle •Sitting cross-legged •Moving in time with music •Playing ball games

Children from the age of four are able to recount recent events for example name, address, age and birthday. Also children are able to gain control in writing and drawing and are able to develop a greater capacity for directed thinking (the ability to concentrate on one thing)

By the age of 5-6 children are able to: •Use a fork, spoon and knife •Manage with difficult fastenings e.g. Buttons •And relate time to their daily routine Between the ages of 710 children become more independent and everything revolves around family, school and the community. Self – image and identity begin to develop. At the age of 10 childhood has nearly finished and puberty is beginning

•Between the ages of 410 girls tend to develop more rapidly then boys. •By the age of 9 special friendships would have developed but children of this gge are critical of others and some individuals may be excluded from playground games

Age

Physical Intellectual Emotional Social development development development development

11-18 years

Puberty: this is when physical changes occur to the body as a result of the increased production of sex hormones these being oestrogen in girls and testosterone in boys

Adolescents begin: •To think about themselves and what other people think about them. •To compare the ideal world with what they experience in reality •To experiment with different identities

Adolescents often experience mood swings and feelings of ambivalence.

Adolescence is a time when a person is neither a child or an adult . However, it is also a time when interest in sex begins. •Psycho-social: describing problems or issues that affect a person’s mental or psychological state as well as affecting their relationships and social contacts

As parents

Children

Future

Parents

Family

Finance (pension)

Boss Friends

Work Leisure

Adults are required to take responsibility for themselves and others may be dependant upon them.

Work colleagues

Outside circumstances (e.g. Peace or war, disease, epidemics)

Level of wealth

Family background

Life expectancy

Gender

Occupation

Family medical history Lifestyle (e.g. Smoking, drinking type of accomodation